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Diverse community gathering at an outdoor park with families, children, and adults of all ages

Diverse community gathering at an outdoor park with families, children, and adults of all ages

Community Resilience Centers in California: The Federal and State Funding Stack Quietly Reshaping Civic Architecture

Climate Resilience

4 days ago11 min read

Why I Charge for a Feasibility Study (and Why the Free Quote Costs You More)

Why I Charge for a Feasibility Study (and Why the Free Quote Costs You More)

Why I Charge for a Feasibility Study (and Why the Free Quote Costs You More)

4 days ago6 min read

Guide to Wildfire Defense for California Residents

Guide to Wildfire Defense for California Residents

Guide to Wildfire Defense for California Residents

Jul 6, 20245 min read

How Architectural Fees Work at studio c

How Architectural Fees Work at studio c

How Architectural Fees Work at studio c

Apr 30, 20242 min read

2

Attended CoreNet Global’s May Chapter Meeting in SF. Dr. Poppy Crum discussed “Solving the ‘Cognitive Tax’ in the Age of AI,” focusing on Biological ROI by engineering the work environment. Key themes: Neuroplasticity at Scale, using AI to replace drudgery, and eliminating “Extraneous Load” to protect the “Zone of Genius.” Digital twins are essential for creating virtual replicas to optimize space, productivity, and safety.

#CoreNetGlobal
#CognitiveTax
#DrPoppyCrum
#FutureOfWork
#DigitalTwins

Attended CoreNet Global’s May Chapter Meeting in SF. Dr. Poppy Crum discussed “Solving the ‘Cognitive Tax’ in the Age of AI,” focusing on Biological ROI by engineering the work environment. Key themes: Neuroplasticity at Scale, using AI to replace drudgery, and eliminating “Extraneous Load” to protect the “Zone of Genius.” Digital twins are essential for creating virtual replicas to optimize space, productivity, and safety.

#CoreNetGlobal
#CognitiveTax
#DrPoppyCrum
#FutureOfWork
#DigitalTwins

We’re heading back to my alma mater, UC Berkeley, for the 25th Annual California Green Building Conference @usgbcca ! 🐻

Last year, I had a great time helping host the PHCA booth after being invited by Brian from Studio Pear @studio_pear I am thrilled to keep the momentum going and do it again this year—but this time, officially stepping up as a Board Member of Passive House California (@passivehousecal )!

If you are passionate about green design, decarbonization, or just want to learn what Passive House standards are all about, please come find us. I would love to welcome you and chat about how we can build a healthier, more resilient California together.

Tickets are moving fast—check the link in my bio to grab yours. See you at Cal on May 28th! 👇

#PHCA #PassiveHouse #CGBC2026 #USGBCCA #GreenBuilding #UCBerkeley #GoBears #BuildingScience #ClimateResilience #StudioPear #Architecture #CaliforniaSustainability #NetZero

We’re heading back to my alma mater, UC Berkeley, for the 25th Annual California Green Building Conference @usgbcca ! 🐻

Last year, I had a great time helping host the PHCA booth after being invited by Brian from Studio Pear @studio_pear I am thrilled to keep the momentum going and do it again this year—but this time, officially stepping up as a Board Member of Passive House California (@passivehousecal )!

If you are passionate about green design, decarbonization, or just want to learn what Passive House standards are all about, please come find us. I would love to welcome you and chat about how we can build a healthier, more resilient California together.

Tickets are moving fast—check the link in my bio to grab yours. See you at Cal on May 28th! 👇

#PHCA #PassiveHouse #CGBC2026 #USGBCCA #GreenBuilding #UCBerkeley #GoBears #BuildingScience #ClimateResilience #StudioPear #Architecture #CaliforniaSustainability #NetZero

Today was a good day.
After three years of continuances, the Zoning Administrator approved a variance and small-lot design review for a substandard-lot fire rebuild.
For this hearing I tried something new. I built a custom quick-lookup app for the podium — searchable, color-coded, every code citation, every staff-report quote, every script for questions outside scope, all a keystroke away.
Built collaboratively with Claude as a research and drafting partner over the past three weeks.
Some surprises along the way. The neighbors who has opposed this project for years didn't appear. Several other neighbors came to speak in support. The hearing was quiet, professional, and the variance was approved.
Solo-practice architecture is mostly the slow work of showing up, doing the homework, and respecting the record. Tools like this lighten the homework. The judgment is still ours.
Grateful for today.
#architecture #soloarchitect #californiaarchitect #publicagency #zoning #zoningadministrator #variancehearing #residentialarchitecture #studiocarchitecture #aiinarchitecture #architecturalpractice #contracosta #bayareaarchitect

Today was a good day.
After three years of continuances, the Zoning Administrator approved a variance and small-lot design review for a substandard-lot fire rebuild.
For this hearing I tried something new. I built a custom quick-lookup app for the podium — searchable, color-coded, every code citation, every staff-report quote, every script for questions outside scope, all a keystroke away.
Built collaboratively with Claude as a research and drafting partner over the past three weeks.
Some surprises along the way. The neighbors who has opposed this project for years didn't appear. Several other neighbors came to speak in support. The hearing was quiet, professional, and the variance was approved.
Solo-practice architecture is mostly the slow work of showing up, doing the homework, and respecting the record. Tools like this lighten the homework. The judgment is still ours.
Grateful for today.
#architecture #soloarchitect #californiaarchitect #publicagency #zoning #zoningadministrator #variancehearing #residentialarchitecture #studiocarchitecture #aiinarchitecture #architecturalpractice #contracosta #bayareaarchitect

Passive House ADU in schematic; testing/learning PH Live Sync.

#phlivesync

Passive House ADU in schematic; testing/learning PH Live Sync.

#phlivesync

Joined the Cohousing Crawl with East Bay Cohousing and visited Berkeley Cohousing and Pleasant Hill Cohousing — both shaped by Charles Durrett and The Cohousing Company (@cohousingco_01).

I first met Charles in Nevada City back in 2018, and his work has continued to influence how I think about architecture as a framework for community: shared meals, everyday encounters, and sustainability woven into the way people live together.
Always come away from these visits reminded that good design is not just about buildings, but about the neighbors they help create.⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ #cohousingcommunity #communityliving
#sustainableliving #sustainablearchitecture #communitydesign
#bayareaarchitecture #cohousing ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

Joined the Cohousing Crawl with East Bay Cohousing and visited Berkeley Cohousing and Pleasant Hill Cohousing — both shaped by Charles Durrett and The Cohousing Company (@cohousingco_01).

I first met Charles in Nevada City back in 2018, and his work has continued to influence how I think about architecture as a framework for community: shared meals, everyday encounters, and sustainability woven into the way people live together.
Always come away from these visits reminded that good design is not just about buildings, but about the neighbors they help create.⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ #cohousingcommunity #communityliving
#sustainableliving #sustainablearchitecture #communitydesign
#bayareaarchitecture #cohousing ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀

Last weekend, we headed up to Sebastopol for International Passive House Open Days and visited Windhorse Orchard with Studio Pear (@studio_pear). This family-led renovation, situated in the wildland–urban interface, is being transformed into a Passive House and Living Building Challenge home—one of the most ecologically sustainable residential projects in the country.

Walking the site, you feel how deeply Kristin and Jason Nichols have woven building science into daily life: a super-insulated, airtight envelope, non-toxic materials, carbon-sequestering insulation, greywater systems, and a restored oak savanna landscape that turns the whole property into regenerative infrastructure.

Grateful to learn from architect-owner Kristin Nichols, the MAD Architecture, SDC Built, ZFA, Essential Habitat, Home Energy Services, Earth Bound Homes, and Passive House California teams—and to see what’s possible when a home becomes both sanctuary and climate action.

#WindhorseOrchard #PassiveHouse #PassiveHouseDesign #LivingBuildingChallenge #EssentialHabitatArchitecture
#PassiveHouseCalifornia #PassiveHouseNetwork
#StudioC #studio_pear #zfastructuralengineers

Last weekend, we headed up to Sebastopol for International Passive House Open Days and visited Windhorse Orchard with Studio Pear (@studio_pear). This family-led renovation, situated in the wildland–urban interface, is being transformed into a Passive House and Living Building Challenge home—one of the most ecologically sustainable residential projects in the country.

Walking the site, you feel how deeply Kristin and Jason Nichols have woven building science into daily life: a super-insulated, airtight envelope, non-toxic materials, carbon-sequestering insulation, greywater systems, and a restored oak savanna landscape that turns the whole property into regenerative infrastructure.

Grateful to learn from architect-owner Kristin Nichols, the MAD Architecture, SDC Built, ZFA, Essential Habitat, Home Energy Services, Earth Bound Homes, and Passive House California teams—and to see what’s possible when a home becomes both sanctuary and climate action.

#WindhorseOrchard #PassiveHouse #PassiveHouseDesign #LivingBuildingChallenge #EssentialHabitatArchitecture
#PassiveHouseCalifornia #PassiveHouseNetwork
#StudioC #studio_pear #zfastructuralengineers

Project Milestone: attending the Pre-Application Meeting at San Francisco Planning for our client’s residential addition in the Priority Equity Geographies SUD (PEG SUD).
⠀
We reserved a conference room at 49 South Van Ness to meet with the assigned planner and greet the neighborhood groups who were notified. This meeting is an important part of the Neighborhood Notification process under Section 311.
⠀
By representing our client during these early technical phases, we help guide the project from concept to approval. We make sure the process stays open, transparent, and well-documented at every stage.
⠀
📍 San Francisco • Residential Addition
#residentialaddition #sanfranciscoarchitect #residentialarchitect #SFPlanning #ArchitectAtWork

Project Milestone: attending the Pre-Application Meeting at San Francisco Planning for our client’s residential addition in the Priority Equity Geographies SUD (PEG SUD).
⠀
We reserved a conference room at 49 South Van Ness to meet with the assigned planner and greet the neighborhood groups who were notified. This meeting is an important part of the Neighborhood Notification process under Section 311.
⠀
By representing our client during these early technical phases, we help guide the project from concept to approval. We make sure the process stays open, transparent, and well-documented at every stage.
⠀
📍 San Francisco • Residential Addition
#residentialaddition #sanfranciscoarchitect #residentialarchitect #SFPlanning #ArchitectAtWork

Last week, we had the pleasure of attending the California Green Building Conference, hosted by USGBC California, where we helped represent Passive House California (#PassiveHouseCalifornia) in the event’s “Smoke-Tight Zone.”

It was a rewarding day connecting with many attendees curious about #PassiveHouse design and reconnecting with fellow advocates and partners who are just as committed to building a healthier, more resilient future.

At Studio C, we are passionate about sharing the principles behind Passive House—whether it's airtightness, high-performance systems, or comfort without compromise.

Curious what makes a Passive House different?
Let’s talk! We love helping others learn how better buildings can lead to better living.

#StudioC
#PassiveHouse
#HighPerformanceBuilding
#WildfireResilient
#USGBCCalifornia
#passivehousenetwork

Last week, we had the pleasure of attending the California Green Building Conference, hosted by USGBC California, where we helped represent Passive House California (#PassiveHouseCalifornia) in the event’s “Smoke-Tight Zone.”

It was a rewarding day connecting with many attendees curious about #PassiveHouse design and reconnecting with fellow advocates and partners who are just as committed to building a healthier, more resilient future.

At Studio C, we are passionate about sharing the principles behind Passive House—whether it's airtightness, high-performance systems, or comfort without compromise.

Curious what makes a Passive House different?
Let’s talk! We love helping others learn how better buildings can lead to better living.

#StudioC
#PassiveHouse
#HighPerformanceBuilding
#WildfireResilient
#USGBCCalifornia
#passivehousenetwork

The devil is in the details; for a successful Passivhaus design, the consideration of assembly design and material planning start early in the process.

#architecturaldetails #passivehousedetails #passivehouse #passivehousedesign #hygrothermal #thermalbridge

The devil is in the details; for a successful Passivhaus design, the consideration of assembly design and material planning start early in the process.

#architecturaldetails #passivehousedetails #passivehouse #passivehousedesign #hygrothermal #thermalbridge

[Passive Solar Design #2] - Orientation and Form Factor

Building orientation and form are crucial for energy efficiency. Ideally, buildings are positioned to capture sunlight and heat appropriately for the climate and design. This improves energy performance and natural lighting.

Simpler building forms make insulation easier and reduce thermal bridges, which helps keep the building airtight and energy-efficient. Fewer edges and corners mean better overall performance.

#buildingorientation #passivesolar #PassiveSolarDesign #formfactor #passivehouse

[Passive Solar Design #2] - Orientation and Form Factor

Building orientation and form are crucial for energy efficiency. Ideally, buildings are positioned to capture sunlight and heat appropriately for the climate and design. This improves energy performance and natural lighting.

Simpler building forms make insulation easier and reduce thermal bridges, which helps keep the building airtight and energy-efficient. Fewer edges and corners mean better overall performance.

#buildingorientation #passivesolar #PassiveSolarDesign #formfactor #passivehouse

[Passive Solar Design]

As one of the Passive House design strategies, passive solar design uses the sun’s energy to heat buildings naturally, but it’s important to control that heat, especially in warmer months. Deciduous trees, which provide shade in summer and allow sunlight in winter, are a great natural solution. Overhangs, window shades, and exterior screens also help manage heat gain effectively.

Proper shading allows for maximizing solar heat when needed and minimizing it during hot seasons without sacrificing natural daylight. Daylighting reduces the need for artificial lighting and lowers energy use.

Solar heat gain is a valuable resource for some buildings, while it can become excessive for others, especially those with internal heat sources. Passive solar design balances these factors based on the climate, building orientation, and high-performance windows.

#PassiveSolarDesign
#passivesolar #passivesolarhomes #passivesolardesign #passivesolarheating

[Passive Solar Design]

As one of the Passive House design strategies, passive solar design uses the sun’s energy to heat buildings naturally, but it’s important to control that heat, especially in warmer months. Deciduous trees, which provide shade in summer and allow sunlight in winter, are a great natural solution. Overhangs, window shades, and exterior screens also help manage heat gain effectively.

Proper shading allows for maximizing solar heat when needed and minimizing it during hot seasons without sacrificing natural daylight. Daylighting reduces the need for artificial lighting and lowers energy use.

Solar heat gain is a valuable resource for some buildings, while it can become excessive for others, especially those with internal heat sources. Passive solar design balances these factors based on the climate, building orientation, and high-performance windows.

#PassiveSolarDesign
#passivesolar #passivesolarhomes #passivesolardesign #passivesolarheating

Using our previous project, we highlighted the areas and characteristics that distinguish a Passive House from other green building standards.
Please turn on the audio if you like to hear the narrative.

#passivehaus #passivehouse #passivehousedesign

Using our previous project, we highlighted the areas and characteristics that distinguish a Passive House from other green building standards.
Please turn on the audio if you like to hear the narrative.

#passivehaus #passivehouse #passivehousedesign

We have committed to implementing further website updates this week; a selection of infographics to be included will be initially released here this coming week.
Please enjoy.

#passivehaus #passivehouse #hersrating

We have committed to implementing further website updates this week; a selection of infographics to be included will be initially released here this coming week.
Please enjoy.

#passivehaus #passivehouse #hersrating

[Biogenic Material - Part 3/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we present this infographic, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of prefabricated straw panels in modern, high-performance design and construction.

Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They can look very different than traditional straw bale construction; in a few examples shown here, they are all modern and large, even multi-story buildings, meeting modern fire-resistant design criteria.

這周我們和EcoCocon合作，
給大家介紹目前市面上有哪些可再生的建築材料，
綜合前面的二篇文短文，
這筆者認為最具有潛力的是預製(prefab)的乾草牆版(straw panel)，
除了優越的隔熱和保溫(insulation, R-40)，
生產及運輸時對濕度及環境的控制，
確保材料在安裝前不受水氣及害蟲入侵。
相對於傳統認知以乾枓堆(straw bale)建造的鄉村風格房舍，
現代化品管生產的straw panel，可以運用在現代風格及各種尺度的建築設計上。

#strawpanel #strawpanels #strawpanelhouse #buildwithnature
#biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral #prefab #prefabhomes #prefabhouse

[Biogenic Material - Part 3/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we present this infographic, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of prefabricated straw panels in modern, high-performance design and construction.

Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They can look very different than traditional straw bale construction; in a few examples shown here, they are all modern and large, even multi-story buildings, meeting modern fire-resistant design criteria.

這周我們和EcoCocon合作，
給大家介紹目前市面上有哪些可再生的建築材料，
綜合前面的二篇文短文，
這筆者認為最具有潛力的是預製(prefab)的乾草牆版(straw panel)，
除了優越的隔熱和保溫(insulation, R-40)，
生產及運輸時對濕度及環境的控制，
確保材料在安裝前不受水氣及害蟲入侵。
相對於傳統認知以乾枓堆(straw bale)建造的鄉村風格房舍，
現代化品管生產的straw panel，可以運用在現代風格及各種尺度的建築設計上。

#strawpanel #strawpanels #strawpanelhouse #buildwithnature
#biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral #prefab #prefabhomes #prefabhouse

[Biogenic Material - Part 2/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we developed a new series of infographics, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of biogenic materials, particularly prefabricated straw panels, in modern, high-performance design and construction.
Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They offer rapid renewability, with straw harvested annually compared to timber's decades-long growth cycle. This makes straw a practical and significant option for carbon sequestration, meeting global construction demand while mitigating deforestation risks using timber.

以目前世界各地建設的需求，雖然木材是可再生的材料，
砍伐的速度將快於再生能力，我們需要更好的替代產品。
有快速再生(rapid renewal)和更好的固碳能力(carbon sequestration)的材料，
如乾草(straw)和麻纖維(hemp)，是農業活動的副產品，
每年都可以收成，進行再製及利用，而且幾乎沒有化學成份。
相較木材需要數十年的生長周期，是更好的綠色材料

#buildwithnature #straw #hemp #hempcrete #biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral

[Biogenic Material - Part 2/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we developed a new series of infographics, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of biogenic materials, particularly prefabricated straw panels, in modern, high-performance design and construction.
Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They offer rapid renewability, with straw harvested annually compared to timber's decades-long growth cycle. This makes straw a practical and significant option for carbon sequestration, meeting global construction demand while mitigating deforestation risks using timber.

以目前世界各地建設的需求，雖然木材是可再生的材料，
砍伐的速度將快於再生能力，我們需要更好的替代產品。
有快速再生(rapid renewal)和更好的固碳能力(carbon sequestration)的材料，
如乾草(straw)和麻纖維(hemp)，是農業活動的副產品，
每年都可以收成，進行再製及利用，而且幾乎沒有化學成份。
相較木材需要數十年的生長周期，是更好的綠色材料

#buildwithnature #straw #hemp #hempcrete #biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral

[Biogenic Material - Part 1/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we developed a new series of infographics, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of biogenic materials, particularly prefabricated straw panels, in modern, high-performance design and construction.
Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They offer rapid renewability, with straw harvested annually compared to timber's decades-long growth cycle. This makes straw a practical and significant option for carbon sequestration, meeting global construction demand while mitigating deforestation risks using timber.

這周我們和EcoCocon合作，製作了一個新的系列。
給大家介紹目前市面上有哪些可再生的建築材料，
其中何者有快速再生和更好的固碳能力(carbon sequestration)。

#biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral #LCA #buildingproducts #NaturalMaterials #naturalmaterial

[Biogenic Material - Part 1/3]
Bilingual Post

In collaboration with #ecococon, we developed a new series of infographics, drawing on their data and projects to showcase the benefits of biogenic materials, particularly prefabricated straw panels, in modern, high-performance design and construction.
Prefab straw panels are engineered for consistent quality and higher performance. They offer rapid renewability, with straw harvested annually compared to timber's decades-long growth cycle. This makes straw a practical and significant option for carbon sequestration, meeting global construction demand while mitigating deforestation risks using timber.

這周我們和EcoCocon合作，製作了一個新的系列。
給大家介紹目前市面上有哪些可再生的建築材料，
其中何者有快速再生和更好的固碳能力(carbon sequestration)。

#biogenic #carbonsequestration #carbonneutral #LCA #buildingproducts #NaturalMaterials #naturalmaterial

[Design Process]
Bilingual Post

Design isn’t just about choosing a product—it’s a collaborative journey of discovery. Our step-by-step process is thoughtfully tailored to each unique story, reflecting our commitment to bringing your individual vision to life.

每個設計都是一個獨一無二的故事，
和量身定做的探索過程，解決特定的需求和問題，
應該有別購買套裝產品和服務。
這星期我們在做一個public presentation，之後會把一些和我們工作流程相關的東西製作成小卡片放出來分享。

#designprocess #designprocesss #designprocesses #architecturaldesignprocess #architecturaldesignpractice

[Design Process]
Bilingual Post

Design isn’t just about choosing a product—it’s a collaborative journey of discovery. Our step-by-step process is thoughtfully tailored to each unique story, reflecting our commitment to bringing your individual vision to life.

每個設計都是一個獨一無二的故事，
和量身定做的探索過程，解決特定的需求和問題，
應該有別購買套裝產品和服務。
這星期我們在做一個public presentation，之後會把一些和我們工作流程相關的東西製作成小卡片放出來分享。

#designprocess #designprocesss #designprocesses #architecturaldesignprocess #architecturaldesignpractice

[Book Recommendation]
Bilingual Post

Pretty Good House is a practical guide for architects, builders, and homeowners who want to design and construct energy-efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective homes. The book offers a realistic approach to building better homes without the need for expensive certifications or perfectionism. It focuses on creating small, simple, durable, and well-insulated spaces, balancing high performance with budgetary constraints.

As an architect, I recommend Pretty Good House because it aligns with the principles of thoughtful and sustainable design. The book empowers professionals and clients alike to make informed, balanced decisions that prioritize both the environment and the practical needs of the inhabitants. It’s an invaluable resource for anyone looking to integrate sustainability into their projects while staying mindful of costs and real-world constraints.

This book is especially useful for those who want to achieve high-performance building standards without unnecessary complexity, making it a must-read for anyone committed to responsible and resilient design practices.

Amazon link: https://amzn.to/3ywGSEf

如果要向業主推薦一本書，《Pretty Good House》絕對是我的首選。
這本書對業主和專業同行來說都是一個理想的入門指南，
全面介紹了如何與建築師和施工方合作的方式及工作流程。
無論在預算有限的情況下，還是尋求最佳結果時，
這本書都提供了實用的建議。
此外，它還闡述了優質房屋應具備的基本條件。
如果覺得 Passive House 過於複雜，
那麼這本書就是我們推薦的最佳入門指引

購書連結：https://amzn.to/3ywGSEf

#bookrecommendations #prettygoodhouse #PGH
#sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainabledesignbook #energyefficienthomes #energyefficienthome #energyefficientdesign

[Book Recommendation]
Bilingual Post

Pretty Good House is a practical guide for architects, builders, and homeowners who want to design and construct energy-efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective homes. The book offers a realistic approach to building better homes without the need for expensive certifications or perfectionism. It focuses on creating small, simple, durable, and well-insulated spaces, balancing high performance with budgetary constraints.

As an architect, I recommend Pretty Good House because it aligns with the principles of thoughtful and sustainable design. The book empowers professionals and clients alike to make informed, balanced decisions that prioritize both the environment and the practical needs of the inhabitants. It’s an invaluable resource for anyone looking to integrate sustainability into their projects while staying mindful of costs and real-world constraints.

This book is especially useful for those who want to achieve high-performance building standards without unnecessary complexity, making it a must-read for anyone committed to responsible and resilient design practices.

Amazon link: https://amzn.to/3ywGSEf

如果要向業主推薦一本書，《Pretty Good House》絕對是我的首選。
這本書對業主和專業同行來說都是一個理想的入門指南，
全面介紹了如何與建築師和施工方合作的方式及工作流程。
無論在預算有限的情況下，還是尋求最佳結果時，
這本書都提供了實用的建議。
此外，它還闡述了優質房屋應具備的基本條件。
如果覺得 Passive House 過於複雜，
那麼這本書就是我們推薦的最佳入門指引

購書連結：https://amzn.to/3ywGSEf

#bookrecommendations #prettygoodhouse #PGH
#sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainabledesignbook #energyefficienthomes #energyefficienthome #energyefficientdesign

[Daylighting in Architecture]
Bilingual Post

The design for comfort and high performance goes beyond Passive House design guidelines for us. We use analysis software to visualize how daylight performs in various settings such as offices, schools, and high-end residential designs. Our goal is to ensure that you get the best value for your investment beyond just beautiful photos. We aim to create a comfortable living experience that actually works.

我們知道自然光對生理時鐘和健康的促進作用，因此我們使用分析軟體來模擬日光在辦公室、學校、醫療、長照及住宅中，不同時間和季節的表現。我們用科學的方法設計，讓您享受更舒適和健康的生活環境，確保每個空間在任何時候都能提供最佳的光線和氛圍。

#採光計画 #採光 #採光設計
#daylighting #daylightingdesign #daylightingsolutions #daylightingarchitecture #daylightdesign #daylightdesigns #daylightdesigner

[Daylighting in Architecture]
Bilingual Post

The design for comfort and high performance goes beyond Passive House design guidelines for us. We use analysis software to visualize how daylight performs in various settings such as offices, schools, and high-end residential designs. Our goal is to ensure that you get the best value for your investment beyond just beautiful photos. We aim to create a comfortable living experience that actually works.

我們知道自然光對生理時鐘和健康的促進作用，因此我們使用分析軟體來模擬日光在辦公室、學校、醫療、長照及住宅中，不同時間和季節的表現。我們用科學的方法設計，讓您享受更舒適和健康的生活環境，確保每個空間在任何時候都能提供最佳的光線和氛圍。

#採光計画 #採光 #採光設計
#daylighting #daylightingdesign #daylightingsolutions #daylightingarchitecture #daylightdesign #daylightdesigns #daylightdesigner

When paired with the correctly sized heating and cooling system, an ERV or HRV helps distribute filtered fresh air to all living spaces, while removing air from the kitchen and bathroom. The system recovers more than 80% of heating and cooling energy, while discharging odors and excess moisture to the exterior. This Passive House design helps keep allergens, air pollution, and wildfire smoke out.

Don't forget to like and subscribe to stay updated and learn more about Passive House!

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

When paired with the correctly sized heating and cooling system, an ERV or HRV helps distribute filtered fresh air to all living spaces, while removing air from the kitchen and bathroom. The system recovers more than 80% of heating and cooling energy, while discharging odors and excess moisture to the exterior. This Passive House design helps keep allergens, air pollution, and wildfire smoke out.

Don't forget to like and subscribe to stay updated and learn more about Passive House!

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

Have you ever walked into a space and felt a musty odor or seen mold under the roof and exterior wall sheathing? These issues can be mitigated with thoughtful design, material selection, and simulation. The Passive House standard has defined a comprehensive set of climate-specific targets and strategies to effectively manage moisture, resulting in a healthier, allergy-free, and more durable structure. Don't forget to like and subscribe to stay updated and learn more about Passive House.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

Have you ever walked into a space and felt a musty odor or seen mold under the roof and exterior wall sheathing? These issues can be mitigated with thoughtful design, material selection, and simulation. The Passive House standard has defined a comprehensive set of climate-specific targets and strategies to effectively manage moisture, resulting in a healthier, allergy-free, and more durable structure. Don't forget to like and subscribe to stay updated and learn more about Passive House.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

This is part 2 of the article on Passive House design principles. As we have previously written in several articles, a high-quality enclosure is the foundation of Passive House, and this strategy can be applied to create thermal comfort and a very quiet space.
Like and subscribe to stay tuned and learn more about Passive House.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

This is part 2 of the article on Passive House design principles. As we have previously written in several articles, a high-quality enclosure is the foundation of Passive House, and this strategy can be applied to create thermal comfort and a very quiet space.
Like and subscribe to stay tuned and learn more about Passive House.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

This week, we will explore the details of Passive House and explain its design principles, which make it climate resilient and highly energy efficient.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

This week, we will explore the details of Passive House and explain its design principles, which make it climate resilient and highly energy efficient.

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 4] PASSIVE HOUSE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 4] PASSIVE HOUSE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 3] PASSIVE HOUSE BENEFITS - Part 2

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 3] PASSIVE HOUSE BENEFITS - Part 2

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 2] PASSIVE HOUSE BENEFITS - Part 1

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 2] PASSIVE HOUSE BENEFITS - Part 1

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 1] WHY WE NEED TO BUILD BETTER BUILDINGS

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Day 1] WHY WE NEED TO BUILD BETTER BUILDINGS

#passivehouse #passivehousedesign #passivehouses #passivehouseinstitute #passivhaus #sustainabledesign #sustainabledesigner #sustainablearchitecture

[Passive House]
International Passive House Open Days

Passive House Network organized the International Passive House Open Days event, featuring various projects one can visit. The closest open house to me was in Sacramento. Taking advantage of my child's summer break, we visited the site.

The comfort and benefits of Passive House design were evident during our visit. Despite the outdoor temperature being 37°C, the indoor temperature remained at 28°C without air conditioning. This highlights the importance of resilient building designs in the face of global warming.

Other features of this house include high airtightness, which improves energy efficiency and indoor air quality by keeping out allergens, wildfire smoke, and vehicle emissions.

International Passive House Open Days這個活動，在各地有很多passive house響應；距離我最近的一個open house在Sacramento，剛好小孩暑假，平常在家耳濡目染，卻沒什麼機會看看工地現場，正好也順便帶他來看看。

之前我們對於什麼是Passive House（被動房)有分成很多篇幅介紹，從保溫，門窗，斷熱設計，防水氣密但透氣，都有內容可以參照，唯一還沒寫的部份只有全熱交換機和通風系統，概念都是簡單的熱力學和物理，不是火箭科學。

Passive House的優點和舒適性是全面性的，這一點在我們參觀時，室外37度攝氏的高溫但室內在完全沒開空調的情況下還維持在28攝氏度，就可以馬上感覺出來。全球暖化氣溫不斷創新高，要怎樣讓新的建築設計變得更resilient，只會變得越來越重要。

另外，因為Passive House的認證都需要通過blower door test，確保它的高度氣密性（不得高過0.6ACH＠50 pascals)，除了確保室內冷／暖氣不會外洩（節能)，也保障室內生活空間的空氣品質，不受外部環境影響，例如過敏季節，山火季節，車輛等廢氣，不容易進到室內（註二)。

附圖中有出現全熱交換機的照片，同時內牆敷設的白色INTELO不是一般常見的防水布，是一種透氣性會隨溫濕度改變的特殊材料，冬天是moisture barrier，夏天則可以透氣。

讀者可以特別注意入口大門的斷面，有二寸厚，外覆實木，內芯是保溫板；窗戶都是之前介紹過的歐式tilt-n-turn三層玻璃窗；近來美國物價狂飆，相較之下，很多歐州進口的材料和預製房屋，價格都已經接近美國的中端產品。

內牆保溫是天然羊毛，雖然單價較高，但屋主希望能儘可能的使用天然材料，來減少過敏和化學物質可能產生的危害，和對環境造成的負面影響。外牆保溫使用是用hemp(麻類植物纖維，不要想太多)製成的2"保溫板。這是一個從LCA(Life Cycle生命周期)出發，減少建築碳足跡的絕佳示範。

建築師是行業裡堅持只做Passive House而小有名的Bronwyn Barry，很開心可以有機會終於見上一面，順便和她討教一些開業的心得。

負責施工的Good Space Builder團隊則很開心碰到另一個也是做Passive House的建築師，不知道是不是因為這樣，解說特別徹底，恨不得整個拆了給看一般。

這種不怕看不怕你問的施工團隊，都對品質非常有自信；比起信口開河但問題都蓋在看不到地方者，我真的只想和好的單位合作，也希望將來有機會將這些好的單位，介紹給想和我們一起實現夢想的業主。

如果你最近也感受到這波熱浪，同時想打造健康的生活空間，都可以來和我們聊聊，討論適合你的被動房策略。

註一：一般住房基本沒有氣密性，測試結果約在8到10ACH (Air Change per Hour @50 pascals)之間。

註二：Passive House使用帶HEPA濾網的熱交換機(ERV/HRV)，引入外氣並排出污染(廚房及廁所)空氣，在機器內進行熱回收／交換，再由空調系統再送到房間。

#passivehousenetwork #internationalpassivehouseopendays
#passivehouse #passivehousedesign

[Passive House]
International Passive House Open Days

Passive House Network organized the International Passive House Open Days event, featuring various projects one can visit. The closest open house to me was in Sacramento. Taking advantage of my child's summer break, we visited the site.

The comfort and benefits of Passive House design were evident during our visit. Despite the outdoor temperature being 37°C, the indoor temperature remained at 28°C without air conditioning. This highlights the importance of resilient building designs in the face of global warming.

Other features of this house include high airtightness, which improves energy efficiency and indoor air quality by keeping out allergens, wildfire smoke, and vehicle emissions.

International Passive House Open Days這個活動，在各地有很多passive house響應；距離我最近的一個open house在Sacramento，剛好小孩暑假，平常在家耳濡目染，卻沒什麼機會看看工地現場，正好也順便帶他來看看。

之前我們對於什麼是Passive House（被動房)有分成很多篇幅介紹，從保溫，門窗，斷熱設計，防水氣密但透氣，都有內容可以參照，唯一還沒寫的部份只有全熱交換機和通風系統，概念都是簡單的熱力學和物理，不是火箭科學。

Passive House的優點和舒適性是全面性的，這一點在我們參觀時，室外37度攝氏的高溫但室內在完全沒開空調的情況下還維持在28攝氏度，就可以馬上感覺出來。全球暖化氣溫不斷創新高，要怎樣讓新的建築設計變得更resilient，只會變得越來越重要。

另外，因為Passive House的認證都需要通過blower door test，確保它的高度氣密性（不得高過0.6ACH＠50 pascals)，除了確保室內冷／暖氣不會外洩（節能)，也保障室內生活空間的空氣品質，不受外部環境影響，例如過敏季節，山火季節，車輛等廢氣，不容易進到室內（註二)。

附圖中有出現全熱交換機的照片，同時內牆敷設的白色INTELO不是一般常見的防水布，是一種透氣性會隨溫濕度改變的特殊材料，冬天是moisture barrier，夏天則可以透氣。

讀者可以特別注意入口大門的斷面，有二寸厚，外覆實木，內芯是保溫板；窗戶都是之前介紹過的歐式tilt-n-turn三層玻璃窗；近來美國物價狂飆，相較之下，很多歐州進口的材料和預製房屋，價格都已經接近美國的中端產品。

內牆保溫是天然羊毛，雖然單價較高，但屋主希望能儘可能的使用天然材料，來減少過敏和化學物質可能產生的危害，和對環境造成的負面影響。外牆保溫使用是用hemp(麻類植物纖維，不要想太多)製成的2"保溫板。這是一個從LCA(Life Cycle生命周期)出發，減少建築碳足跡的絕佳示範。

建築師是行業裡堅持只做Passive House而小有名的Bronwyn Barry，很開心可以有機會終於見上一面，順便和她討教一些開業的心得。

負責施工的Good Space Builder團隊則很開心碰到另一個也是做Passive House的建築師，不知道是不是因為這樣，解說特別徹底，恨不得整個拆了給看一般。

這種不怕看不怕你問的施工團隊，都對品質非常有自信；比起信口開河但問題都蓋在看不到地方者，我真的只想和好的單位合作，也希望將來有機會將這些好的單位，介紹給想和我們一起實現夢想的業主。

如果你最近也感受到這波熱浪，同時想打造健康的生活空間，都可以來和我們聊聊，討論適合你的被動房策略。

註一：一般住房基本沒有氣密性，測試結果約在8到10ACH (Air Change per Hour @50 pascals)之間。

註二：Passive House使用帶HEPA濾網的熱交換機(ERV/HRV)，引入外氣並排出污染(廚房及廁所)空氣，在機器內進行熱回收／交換，再由空調系統再送到房間。

#passivehousenetwork #internationalpassivehouseopendays
#passivehouse #passivehousedesign

Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art
[雙語]

[EN] I recently visited the Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art, an architectural marvel on the UC Davis campus. This contemporary gem, designed by SO-IL and Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, boasts a dynamic and fluid structure. Inspired by the farm field surrounding Davis, the signature grand canopy of perforated aluminum casts a mesmerizing play of light and shadow, reflecting the museum's innovative spirit. The museum layout seamlessly blends indoor and outdoor spaces, enhancing visitors' experience. The Manetti Shrem Museum is not just a place to view art but a destination that inspires with its cutting-edge design and serene ambiance. A must-see for art and architecture enthusiasts, access is free also.

[CN] 我們最近去了位於UC Davis校園的Jan Shrem ＆ Maria Manetti Shrem美術館。
這個由SO-IL和Bohlin Cywinski Jackson設計的當代建築，流暢的曲面遮陽靈感來自周圍的農田，穿孔鋁百葉營造出迷人的光影效果，外牆的預鑄混凝土牆也是本建築的特色。
美術館的佈局無縫結合了室內和室外空間，提升了參觀者的體驗。
Manetti Shrem美術館不僅是一個欣賞藝術的地方，對於藝術和建築愛好者來說，也是I-80公路邊上，往來灣區和Sacramento之間不容錯過，而且免費的休息點。

#ManettiShremMuseum #UCDAvis #Architecture #ArtMuseum #ContemporaryDesign #SOILArchitecture #BohlinCywinskiJackson #ArtAndDesign #CulturalExperience

Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art
[雙語]

[EN] I recently visited the Jan Shrem and Maria Manetti Shrem Museum of Art, an architectural marvel on the UC Davis campus. This contemporary gem, designed by SO-IL and Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, boasts a dynamic and fluid structure. Inspired by the farm field surrounding Davis, the signature grand canopy of perforated aluminum casts a mesmerizing play of light and shadow, reflecting the museum's innovative spirit. The museum layout seamlessly blends indoor and outdoor spaces, enhancing visitors' experience. The Manetti Shrem Museum is not just a place to view art but a destination that inspires with its cutting-edge design and serene ambiance. A must-see for art and architecture enthusiasts, access is free also.

[CN] 我們最近去了位於UC Davis校園的Jan Shrem ＆ Maria Manetti Shrem美術館。
這個由SO-IL和Bohlin Cywinski Jackson設計的當代建築，流暢的曲面遮陽靈感來自周圍的農田，穿孔鋁百葉營造出迷人的光影效果，外牆的預鑄混凝土牆也是本建築的特色。
美術館的佈局無縫結合了室內和室外空間，提升了參觀者的體驗。
Manetti Shrem美術館不僅是一個欣賞藝術的地方，對於藝術和建築愛好者來說，也是I-80公路邊上，往來灣區和Sacramento之間不容錯過，而且免費的休息點。

#ManettiShremMuseum #UCDAvis #Architecture #ArtMuseum #ContemporaryDesign #SOILArchitecture #BohlinCywinskiJackson #ArtAndDesign #CulturalExperience

在來軸組和枠組工法
[雙語]

[EN] Wood construction can be divided into linear and planar systems.
The linear system, also known as "post-and-beam," uses columns and beams, allowing for large openings and flexibility for future adjustments. Historically, intricate woodworking techniques were used, but modern methods often incorporate metal connectors for seismic resistance.
The planar system, originating in the 19th-century US and known as the "2x4 method," combines wall panels and standardized lumber, making it suitable for rapid production and industrialization. Structural reinforcement is achieved with additional metal connectors and increased use of nails and plywood.

一般我們想到的木構造，其實可以根據構造系統，拆分成二種形式，可以用線和面的幾何概念來理解。

第一種是以線形構造，也就是以柱、梁為連接形式的系統，在日本叫做”在来（軸組）”工法，同時也是東方傳統木構造建築的構造系統。
在台灣、日本及中國的傳統廟宇、日式古民家都是這種以線為構成的柱梁構造；
也因為這樣，可以在柱和柱之間做大面積的開口。
早期的柱梁以榫卯相接，到現今，因為榫卯製作需要較高的技術和工藝水平，同時為了抗震，也有金屬連接件(金具)可以選擇。在需要做結構加強、對抗水平向剪力的部位，會用斜撐來強化轉角等部位。
以柱梁形式構成的結構，在日後需要對空間進行調整時，會有較大的彈性。

第二種是面式結構，以19世紀始於美國的2x4工法為代表，將壁面(合板)和2x4、2x6等制式的木構件相結合而成，在日本稱作”枠組”工法；如果照日文直譯，枠(waku)有框的意思。
2x4構法在美國一般又叫做framing construction，不知道是不是直譯的關係，畢竟在日本，枠組構法是近代才開始出現的較新木構造形式。
這種構造的特性是技術含量低，所有的構件都可以標準化，適合快速生產和建造(或粗製濫造)，也是20世紀開始出現的預製和工業化的基礎。
枠組構件的連接都是金屬構件，結構需要加強的地方，就是用更多的金屬構件來搞定，比如在剪力牆二端，一支2x6不夠，就來二支，不夠再往上加，和基礎連接的部位就用Hold down，面材和木構件之間增加釘子的數量，一邊不夠就內外二側都加上夾板，夾板的厚度也可以增加。
如此簡單粗暴，而且有效。

枠組近年也開始在日本流行，也有將軸組和枠組混合的做法，至於哪一種比較好其實沒有定論。
這篇短文只對這二種常見的東西方木構造做一個概括的介紹，木構造現在也開始在台灣流行，雖然常見的混凝土一體澆築成形複雜，但只要掌握木材的特性，做好防水、防潮和構造設計，就能創造出比混凝土構造更舒適健康又友善環境的居住空間。

如果你也對如何用現代的木構工法，給家人創造一個健康、舒適、節能的居住空間，也歡迎你和我們聯繫。

Image Resource/ Reference:
Hijiri Kensetsu 聖　建設株
BX Kaneshin Group
建物圖鑑(Picture Book for the Secret of Wooden House) - 瀨川康秀／大野隆司　by X-Knowledge

#WoodConstruction #PostAndBeam #2x4Method #TimberFraming #ModernWoodHomes #軸組 #軸組工法 #軸組在来工法 #軸組金物工法 #パネル工法 #パネル #枠組 #枠組壁工法 #枠組み壁工法 #在来軸組工法 #在来

在來軸組和枠組工法
[雙語]

[EN] Wood construction can be divided into linear and planar systems.
The linear system, also known as "post-and-beam," uses columns and beams, allowing for large openings and flexibility for future adjustments. Historically, intricate woodworking techniques were used, but modern methods often incorporate metal connectors for seismic resistance.
The planar system, originating in the 19th-century US and known as the "2x4 method," combines wall panels and standardized lumber, making it suitable for rapid production and industrialization. Structural reinforcement is achieved with additional metal connectors and increased use of nails and plywood.

一般我們想到的木構造，其實可以根據構造系統，拆分成二種形式，可以用線和面的幾何概念來理解。

第一種是以線形構造，也就是以柱、梁為連接形式的系統，在日本叫做”在来（軸組）”工法，同時也是東方傳統木構造建築的構造系統。
在台灣、日本及中國的傳統廟宇、日式古民家都是這種以線為構成的柱梁構造；
也因為這樣，可以在柱和柱之間做大面積的開口。
早期的柱梁以榫卯相接，到現今，因為榫卯製作需要較高的技術和工藝水平，同時為了抗震，也有金屬連接件(金具)可以選擇。在需要做結構加強、對抗水平向剪力的部位，會用斜撐來強化轉角等部位。
以柱梁形式構成的結構，在日後需要對空間進行調整時，會有較大的彈性。

第二種是面式結構，以19世紀始於美國的2x4工法為代表，將壁面(合板)和2x4、2x6等制式的木構件相結合而成，在日本稱作”枠組”工法；如果照日文直譯，枠(waku)有框的意思。
2x4構法在美國一般又叫做framing construction，不知道是不是直譯的關係，畢竟在日本，枠組構法是近代才開始出現的較新木構造形式。
這種構造的特性是技術含量低，所有的構件都可以標準化，適合快速生產和建造(或粗製濫造)，也是20世紀開始出現的預製和工業化的基礎。
枠組構件的連接都是金屬構件，結構需要加強的地方，就是用更多的金屬構件來搞定，比如在剪力牆二端，一支2x6不夠，就來二支，不夠再往上加，和基礎連接的部位就用Hold down，面材和木構件之間增加釘子的數量，一邊不夠就內外二側都加上夾板，夾板的厚度也可以增加。
如此簡單粗暴，而且有效。

枠組近年也開始在日本流行，也有將軸組和枠組混合的做法，至於哪一種比較好其實沒有定論。
這篇短文只對這二種常見的東西方木構造做一個概括的介紹，木構造現在也開始在台灣流行，雖然常見的混凝土一體澆築成形複雜，但只要掌握木材的特性，做好防水、防潮和構造設計，就能創造出比混凝土構造更舒適健康又友善環境的居住空間。

如果你也對如何用現代的木構工法，給家人創造一個健康、舒適、節能的居住空間，也歡迎你和我們聯繫。

Image Resource/ Reference:
Hijiri Kensetsu 聖　建設株
BX Kaneshin Group
建物圖鑑(Picture Book for the Secret of Wooden House) - 瀨川康秀／大野隆司　by X-Knowledge

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